Basic Structure
Molecular biology explores life's building blocks at the molecular level. DNA carries genetic information through its base-pair sequence, while RNA helps translate this code into proteins. These molecules interact in complex pathways that maintain cellular function and regulate gene expression.
Cellular Mechanisms
Cells use sophisticated molecular machinery for DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein synthesis. Energy metabolism powers these processes through ATP production. Cellular membranes control molecular transport while signaling pathways coordinate cellular responses.
Laboratory Techniques
Modern research employs advanced methods like PCR, DNA sequencing, and microscopy. These tools enable scientists to study gene function, analyze protein structure, and investigate cellular processes. Biotechnology applications include genetic engineering and disease diagnosis.
Research Applications
Molecular biology advances medicine through drug development, gene therapy, and disease understanding. It supports biotechnology innovations in agriculture and industry. Ongoing research explores cancer biology, genetic disorders, and cellular aging mechanisms. Shutdown123